Krapp's Last Tape is a one-act play, written in English, by Samuel Beckett. Consisting of a cast of one man, it was originally written for Northern Irish actor Patrick Magee and first titled "Magee monologue". It was inspired by Beckett's experience of listening to Magee reading extracts from
Molloy and
From an Abandoned Work on the BBC Third Programme in December 1957.
[1]
The play, which premiered as a curtain raiser to
Endgame (from 28 October 1958 to 29 November 1958) at the Royal Court Theatre, London, was directed by Donald McWhinnie and starred Patrick Magee. It ran for 38 performances.
Although there is only one person onstage, there are a number of 'characters' mentioned throughout. The play is considered to be Beckett at his most autobiographical, and it does draw heavily on biographical detail. He once told the actor
Laurence Harvey though that his "work does not depend on experience – [it is] not a record of experience. Of course you use it."
[20] Beckett takes elements from his own life, his failed love life, his drinking, his – at the time – literary failures and looks where things might have gone. "When, in 1956,
Vivian Mercier saw him in
Paris, he told him that he felt 'all dried up, with nothing left but self-translation.'"
[21]
- Krapp
Krapp was originally designated simply ‘A’ in the first draft. The first appearance of a title was "a manuscript edition to Typescript 2:
Crapp’s Last Tape";
[22] the more familiar Germanic spelling came later. The name Krapp with its
excremental connotations had been used before by Beckett however. In his first play,
Eleutheria, dating back to 1947, the protagonist is Victor Krap, a young man who has decided to retreat from life and do nothing. He has been described as a world-weary
anti-hero, a failed writer and seedy
solipsist, a clear prototype for the later Krapp.
[23]
- Krapp (as a boy)
When the thirty-nine-year-old Krapp is talking about his neighbour’s ritual singing in the evening he tries to remember if he sang as a boy and is unable to do so. He does recall attending
Vespers but it would be unusual for him to attend
Evensong without participating in the singing of the hymn. Interestingly, the sixty-nine-year-old Krapp does sing a few lines from the "Now the Day is Over" in early performances of the play but Beckett excised this as being “too clumsily explicit”.
[24]
Although no time frame is given, it is likely that sixty-nine-year-old Krapp’s memories of being "again in the dingle at
Christmas Eve, gathering holly … [or] on
Croghan[disambiguation needed] on a Sunday morning, in the haze, with the bitch"
[16] alludes to Beckett's own childhood familial memories.
[25][26]
- Krapp (in his twenties)
His birth-sign in early drafts is given as
Aries, Beckett’s own. All we learn about Krapp at this age comes from the tape. Like a lot of young men he is full of “aspirations” – his work is starting to take shape – and “resolutions” – he is already aware that his drinking needs to be curbed. He is becoming resigned to the fact that he might well have let true love – represented by the image of a “girl in a shabby green coat, on a railway-station platform” – get away from him. He has settled for an on/off relationship with a “Bianca” but even there his future plans do not feature her. We learn that his problem with constipation has been ongoing since at least this time. He disparages his youth and is glad it is over. The thirty-nine year old Krapp estimates that the tape he had been listening to was made some ten or twelve years earlier. If it was twelve then he would have been twenty-seven at the time it was recorded.
- Bianca
"In the earlier drafts the woman with whom the young Krapp lived [later named "Bianca"] was first named 'Alba' (a character in
Dream of Fair to Middling Women modelled on Ethna MacCarthy whom he had loved when he was a young man), then 'Celia' (the name of the green-eyed prostitute with whom Murphy cohabits in
Murphy), then 'Furry' (nickname of Anne Rudmose-Brown, the wife of Beckett's French Professor at
Trinity, who was himself satirized as 'the Polar Bear' in
Dream of Fair to Middling Women).".
[27]
"He settled on "Bianca", who was most likely based on another lecturer, Bianca Esposito, who (along with
Walter Starkie) taught him
Italian and cultivated his lifelong passion for
Dante. He took private lessons from Signorina Esposito as well. Those lessons at 21 Ely Place were then caricatured in the short story '
Dante and the Lobster'. Kedar Street is not a real location but an
anagram of 'darke' or
Hebrew for 'black'.
[28] Keeping this in mind, the name may simply have been selected because "
bianca" means "white woman" in Italian. Little is recorded about her other than "'a tribute to her eyes. Very warm.'"
[29] Vivian Mercier, who knew Beckett personally, writes: "Although I do not recall his ever using the phrase, Beckett unquestionably regards the eyes as the windows of the soul."
[30]
- Krapp's father
Krapp’s father, the only other man mentioned in the play, is spoken of only very briefly. The expression "Last illness" suggests he has not been a well man for some time and dies while Krapp is in his twenties. His own father, William Beckett, died of a
heart attack on 26 June 1933, when Beckett was twenty-seven.
[citation needed]
- The girl in the green coat
Beckett’s first love, his cousin,
Peggy Sinclair, had "deep green eyes and [had a] passionate love of green clothing."
[31] An allusion to Peggy Sinclair also appears in
Dream of Fair to Middling Women in Smeraldina, the "little
emerald". Although the relationship is often cited as being a little one-sided, Beckett does recall: "Oh, Peggy didn’t need any chasing."
[32]
- Krapp (aged 39)
This character does the majority of the talking throughout the play. His voice is contained on Tape 5 from Box 3. His voice is strong and rather pompous. He has celebrated his birthday alone in an empty wine house before returning home to consume three bananas. As has become his practice on his birthday he makes a tape looking back at who he was, assessing who he is and anticipating what might be to come. His is as disparaging of the young man he was in his twenties as he was then of the youth he had been thinking about when he made that earlier tape. He records the death of his mother, an epiphany at the end of a pier and an idyllic moment in a
punt.
- Old Mrs McGlome
This character is based on Miss Beamish, an eccentric novelist from
Connacht whom Beckett had met in
Roussillon, while hiding during
World War II. “Whether the real Miss Beamish did actually sing regularly every evening is … debatable. Beckett did not remember this.”
[33]
- The dark young beauty
There appears to be no direct correlation between this character and anyone living. The black-and-white imagery is strong here: her white uniform and the "big black hooded
perambulator."
[34] Krapp also remembers this woman’s eyes as being "[l]ike …
chrysolite!"
[34]
Rosemary Pountney observes Beckett changed "
moonstone" to chrysolite, an olive-green coloured
mineral, in Typescript 4.
[35]
She observes also that Beckett made "a direct connection ... with
Othello, a play in which dark and light imagery is central," as "in the margin of the text that he used for the 1973 London production," on page 15 "where the word 'chrysolite' occurs ... he writes:
If heaven would make me such another world
Of one entire and perfect chrysolite
I’d not have sold her for it
Othello V2.
"Like Othello, too," Pountney continues, "Krapp has lost his love through his own folly."
[36]
- Krapp's mother
Beckett’s mother, May, died on 25 August 1950 in the Merrion Nursing Home which overlooked Dublin’s Grand Canal. Beckett had made the trip over in the early summer to be with her. By 24 July medical opinion confirmed that she was dying. During that last long month he used "to walk disconsolately alone along the towpath of the Grand Canal."
[37]
Towards the end she was oblivious to his presence. Her death took place while he was sitting on a bench by the canal. "At a certain point he happened to look up. The blinds of his mother’s window, a dirty red-brown affair, was down. She was dead."
[38] A drawn blind, an old custom signifying death, also makes an appearance in
Rockaby: "let down the blind and down".
[39]
- The little white dog
When Krapp’s mother died, he was throwing a ball for a little white dog. He says he will keep it forever: “But I gave it away to the dog.”
[40] Significantly the ball is black to contrast with the white of the dog. In
All Strange Away a "small grey punctured rubber ball"
[41] is the last object contemplated before Fancy dies. The ball had already appeared in
All That Fall: Jerry returns "a kind of ball"
[42] to Mr. Rooney. Although not an obvious symbol of death, this ball is a significant
motif of childhood grief for Beckett though none of his biographers propose that the presence of the dog is anything more than artistic license.
- The girl in the punt
Beckett makes the relationship of this woman to Krapp clear when “[i]n 1975, directing Pierre Chabert in Paris, Beckett said: “I thought of writing a play on the opposite situation, with
Mrs Krapp, the girl in the punt, nagging away behind him, in which case his failure and his solitude would be exactly the same.”
[43] In her biography of Beckett,
Deirdre Bair deduces that "the girl in the punt" may be
Peggy Sinclair because of the references to "Effi" and to "the
Baltic": in July 1929 Beckett vacationed with the Sinclairs "in one of the smaller resort towns along the
Baltic Sea. Summer, traditionally the time for light reading, found Peggy tearfully engrossed in
Theodor Fontane's novel,
Effi Briest. Beckett read it too, but with less detachment than Peggy, who wept and suffered as Effi’s infidelity ended her marriage."
[44] Talking to James Knowlson, a few days before his death, Beckett said that he "did not remember the scene this way, however, denying that girl in the boat … had anything at all to do with his cousin, Peggy."
[45] Knowlson feels "that there is little doubt the source for the girl with the haunting eyes is Ethna MacCarthy. For, as
Dream of Fair to Middling Women had made clear … the 'Alba', who, on Beckett’s own admission, was closely modelled on Ethna, had eyes like dark, deep pools."
[46] Beckett left no doubt however when he told Jean Martin, whilst rehearsing the play in 1970, that the girl was modelled on Ethna.
[47] On 11 December 1957 Beckett learned that Ethna was terminally ill and regularly wrote uncharacteristically long letters until her death. When he completed the play he wrote her: "I’ve written in English a stage monologue for Pat Magee which I think you will like if no one else."
[48]
At one point in the recollection, the young Krapp leans over the young woman to shade her from the sun. "Let me in," he says. This caused the
Lord Chamberlain some concerns when the play was first presented before him to grant a
license. He believed that what was being suggested was a desire for sexual penetration and was not convinced that Beckett was simply alluding to her eyes. It was not until a mere three weeks before the play’s opening that the objection was dropped. In 1982 Beckett, in response to a similar suggestion from one of James Knowlson’s
postgraduate students, "said with a chuckle, 'Tell her to read her texts more carefully. She’ll see that Krapp would need to have a penis at an angle of a hundred and eighty degrees to make coitus possible in the position he is in!'"
[49]––a position that Rosette Lamont proposes also "suggests that of a
suckling babe."
[50]
- Krapp (aged 69)
Beckett would not be 69 until 1975 so, from his perspective, with Krapp a proxy for him, the action is set in the future.The first line of the play explicitly sets it 'in the future',
[51] although nothing onstage reveals this. When Beckett finished this play he would have been 49 next. As it happens, with
Waiting for Godot, success had found him but, at 39, the future must have seemed a lot bleaker for the writer, the Second World War was ending and all Beckett had had published were a few poems, a collection of short stories and the novel,
Murphy. Beckett had this to say about the drained old man we see onstage: "Krapp sees very clearly that he’s through with his work, with love and
religion."
[52] He told
Rick Cluchey, whom he directed in 1977, that Krapp was "in no way senile [but has] something frozen about him [and is] filled up to his teeth with bitterness."
[53] "Habit, the great deadener"
[54] has proven more tenacious than inspiration. His "present concerns revolve around the gratification of those very bodily appetites that, earlier, he had resolved should be out of his life. Eating bananas and drinking have become a [daily routine]. Of the physical activities that he once considered excesses only sex has come to play a reduced part in his lonely existence"
[55] in the form of periodic visits from an old prostitute.
Although this is a play about memory, the sixty-nine-year-old Krapp himself remembers very little. Virtually all the recollections come from the tape. As evidenced most clearly in the novel
Murphy, Beckett had a decent understanding of a variety of mental illnesses including Korsakoff’s Alcoholic Syndrome––"A hypomaniac teaching slosh to a Korsakow’s syndrome."
[56]––which is characterised by powerful amnesic symptoms accompanied by intestinal obstruction.
In his focus on chronic alcohol consumption, Narinder Kapur explains in
Memory Disorders in Clinical Practice that it can lead to marked memory loss and generalised cognitive defects, as well as “disorientation for time and also place”. More recent memories are likely to be forgotten than remote memories, for "memory loss shows a temporal gradient with greater sparing of items from earlier years."
[57] Krapp's gathering of red-berried holly in the dingle could be an example of the "relatively intact remote memory"
[58] that preceded Krapp's apparent addiction to alcohol.
Krapp is not a textbook case. He is an individual with his own individual symptomology but he is more than a list of symptoms. Bananas contain pectin, a soluble fibre that can help normalise movement through the digestive tract and ease constipation. Bananas can also aggravate constipation especially in young children. It depends what the root cause of the problem is. They are also high in Vitamins A and C as well as niacin, riboflavin and thiamine and one of the root causes of Korsakoff's Syndrome is thiamine deficiency; eating bananas would be good for him. It is easy to get caught up in this kind of over-analysis to the detriment of the play as a whole. "[A]ttempts to demonstrate that Beckett’s characters conform to specific psychological syndromes so often turn into will-o-the-wisp pursuits. Certainly, Beckett would not deny that psychologists have offered very useful descriptions of mental activity. But their theories are typically no more than initial steps in an understanding of mental processes, fragmented bits of knowledge which should not be taken for universal principles."
[59] It is important to remember that Krapp has not simply forgotten his past but he has consciously and systematically rejected it as one way of reassuring himself that he has made the right decisions in "his yearly word letting."
[60]
- Effi Briest
In the past year Krapp has been re-reading Fontane’s
Effi Briest, "a page a day, with tears again," he says, "Could have been happy with her, up there on the Baltic…."
[61] Existing only on the printed page this fantasy woman is perhaps the most black-and-white of all Krapp’s women. Like the girl in the punt and the nursemaid mentioned earlier, perhaps to contrast with his inner fire, "Once again Beckett situates Krapp’s memory on some side near the water."
[62]
- Fanny
Just as Krapp’s name is a vulgar pun, so is the name Beckett gave to the woman who visits him from time to time, whom he describes as a "bony old ghost of a whore."
[14] As Fanny is an "old ghost," all Krapp’s women are figuratively "ghosts, really, dependent for their existence on Krapp’s bitter-sweet recording of them," according to Katherine Worth.
[63]
"Fanny" is a slang British expression for the female genitals – woman reduced to a function. "Fanny" is also a commonly used diminutive of Frances, and Beckett occasionally referred to his aunt, Frances "Cissie" Sinclair, as "Fanny."
[64]
Krapp refers to her visits as "better than a kick in the crutch."
[65] In the 1985 television version, Beckett changed this phrase to "better than the finger and the thumb,"
[66] an unambiguous reference to masturbation that would never have escaped the British Lord Chamberlain in the fifties.
- Krapp’s "vision at last", on the pier at Dún Laoghaire
In an earlier draft of the play Beckett "uses 'beacon' and 'anemometer' rather than 'lighthouse' and 'wind-gauge'. The anemometer on the East Pier of Dún Laoghaire was one of the world's first. [It is] widely regarded as a mirror reflection of Beckett’s own revelation. Yet it is different both in circumstance and kind."
[67]
"Beckett wrote to Richard Ellmann: 'All the jetty and howling wind are imaginary. It happened to me, summer 1945, in my mother’s little house, named New Place, across the road from Cooldrinagh.'"
[68]
He summarised what this experience signified for him:
I realised that Joyce had gone as far as one could in the direction of knowing more, [being] in control of one’s material. He was always adding to it; you only have to look at his proofs to see that. I realised that my own way was in impoverishment, in lack of knowledge and in taking away, in subtracting rather than in adding.[69]
- The tape recorder
Beckett has applied character to non-human elements in his plays before, e.g. the light in
Play, the music in
Words and Music. “Beckett instructed the actor Pierre Chabert in his 1975 Paris production of the play ‘to become as much as possible one body with the machine … The spool is his whole life.’”
[70] Krapp no longer owns the memories on the tapes. His mind is no longer capable of holding onto them. The recorder also serves as proxy. When John Hurt, as Krapp, is transfixed by the retelling of the events in the punt he literally cradles the machine as if it were the woman recalling Magee’s original performance; Beckett took pains to point this out to
Alan Schneider, who was at the time preparing his own version of the play, in a letter dated 21 November 1958, and incorporated the gesture in future productions in which he was involved.
[71]
Later, on 4 January 1960, Beckett wrote a more detailed letter describing another unexpected revelation of that earlier performance, "the beautiful and quite accidental effect in London of the luminous eye burning up as the machine runs on in silence and the light goes down."
[72]
[edit] Notable performances of Krapp
[edit] Patrick Magee
Beckett told Patrick Magee, the original Krapp, that his "voice was the one which he heard inside his mind. Thus it seems likely that the return to English was a matter of expediency because of the English-speaking actor."
[73]
Magee had a harsh, gravely voice which had little superficial charm but had a hypnotic effect on the listener … He was grey-haired but ageless and could combine debility with menace, as Beckett character with their suppressed violence often do … [H]e had developed a rather strange accent with only faint Irish overtones and prolonged vowel sounds, The general effect was strangely déclassé but still indubitably Irish and thus ideally fitted for the performance of Beckett … As an actor he had the good sense to see that one played Beckett for the weight and mood of the words and the situation without bothering about the ultimate philosophical import.
[7
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